This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dry corn gluten feed (DCGF) on nutritive value of corn silage by in vitro and in vivo methods. The firs stage of the experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, included three treatments and 5 replicates, in which chopped corn forage was mixed with 0. 0, 5 and 10 percent of DCGF and ensiled in 200L polyethylen barrels. After three months of ensiling, the silages were opened and evaluated. Voluntary intake and digestibility of the silages along with basal diet (Alfalfa hay+wheat straw+barley ground) were determined, using mature (two years old) male Shal sheep. Including of DCGF to corn silage increased (p<0. 05) dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in the silages respectively, but pH and organic matter values were not affected by the treatments. However, the DM content did not reach to optimum (35%) point. Concentration of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was increased but acid detergent fibre (ADF) was decreased (p<0. 05) as DCGF was increased in the corn silages. Addition of CGF increased dry matter intake of the silages (p<0. 05). The digestibility of DM, OM and NDF were higher in silages containing DCGF (p<0. 05). The intake of the digestible DM, OM and NDF were higher in DCGF content silages than those of basal diet and control silage (p<0. 05). In general, adding DCGF to corn silage could improve silage quality as well as increasing voluntary intake (g/d) and digestibility when fed to sheep.

Background and objectives: Considering that about 70 to 75 percent (in developed countries about 50-60 percent) of the total production costs related to livestock feed. One of the economic methods of production is to use the by-products from agricultural and industrial activities; one of the industrial wastes is corn gluten feed that can be used in the feeding of dairy cattle, sheep. For this purpose, a comparison have been made regarding of performance, carcass traits and digestibility in fattened lambs. The aim of this study was to investigate the replacement of soybean meal with corn gluten feed in the diet of fattening lambs on performance, carcass traits and digestibility. Materials and methods: This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatment containing 0, 33, 66 and 100 percent corn gluten feed was substituted with soybean meal on fattened lambs. Six lambs were given to each treatment with the age of about three months. They were kept individually in separate cages for 16 days of adaptation period and 84 days fattening period. The protein and energy content of diets were equal. Three animals from each treatment were randomly slaughtered and the carcass weight and their components measured. The protein and energy content of diets were equal. Dry matter, ash, crude fiber, and crude fat were determined according to AOAC (2000), crude protein was determined by kjeldahl method (AOAC, 2000), NDF, ADF and by Van Soest (1991). The apparent coefficients of nutrient digestibility were determined using a metabolic cage and all collected feces. Results: The highest daily feed intake was for lambs fed 100% corn gluten and the lowest daily feed for lambs fed 66% corn gluten (P < 0. 05). Treatments containing 66% corn gluten feed had the highest body weight (P < 0. 05). In most periods, 66% of corn gluten feed showed the highest weight gain (P < 0. 05). feed conversion ratio of lambs receiving 66% corn gluten feed improved in most periods (P < 0. 05). The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and protein in 66% substituted treatment were higher and significantly different from other treatments (P <0. 05). Digestibility of cell wall without hemicellulose (ADF), cell wall (NDF), nonfibrous carbohydrate (NFC) and crude fat digestibility (EE) were not significantly different (P > 0. 05). There were significant differences among treatments for all carcass composition (P < 0. 05). The 66% corn gluten level treatment showed the best carcass traits compared to the other treatments. Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, cell wall without hemicellulose and cell wall were 87. 96, 82. 67, 21. 66, 6. 33, 3. 5, 9. 4, 37. 55, and 12. 70. Conclusion: According to the results mentioned and low-cost of this product compared to soybean meal, up to 66% replacement of soybean meal without adverse effect on performance is recommended.

In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of corn gluten feed on performance, immune responses, intestinal morphology and some blood serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens, an experiment was conducted using 500 male Ross 308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design with four treatments, five replicates and 25 birds per replication. The experimental treatments included levels of zero (control), 2. 5, 5 and 7. 5 percent corn gluten feed in the diet which fed to broilers from 15 to 42 days of age. The results showed that dietary inclusion of corn gluten feed up to 7. 5 percent had no significant effect on average weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio compared to control treatment. Also, jejunal morphological indices and blood biochemical parameters including triglyceride, cholesterol, albumin, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase concentrations, livability, European broiler index and feed cost per kg of weight gain were not affected by dietary treatments. Antibody titer in response to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) injection was higher in treatment containing 2. 5 percent corn gluten feed comparing to other treatments (P<0. 05). Based on the obtained results, corn gluten feed can be included in grower and finisher diets of broilers (15 to 42 days of age) up to level of 7. 5 percent without any adverse effect on performance.

Objective: The aim of this experiment was to determine chemical composition, protein quality of corn gluten meal (CGM) and its effect on growth performance of broiler chicks.Methods: Chemical composition and nitrogen corrected true metabolizable energy of CGM was determined by standard and precision-fed cockerel assay methods. For evaluating of protein quality, 90 male broiler chicks in a completely randomized design was used and fed experimental diets from 8 to 17 days of age and in the growth assay, 1200-day-old broiler chickens in a completely randomized design were used for evaluating effects of four levels of CGM on the growth performance, carcass characteristics.Results: The average of TMEn and crude protein content of CGM sample were 4145 kcal/kg and 60.44 %, respectively. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) and Net protein ratio (NPR) values for CGM were 1.26 and 2.30, respectively. The growth assay result showed that the all level of CGM had positive effect on broiler performance (P<0.01), While, the best weight gain and FCR were obtained in the birds were fed 12% of CGM in different weeks of experimental period.Conclusions: Therefore, it is suggested that the CGM can be used in the ration for improvement broiler chicks’ performance.

Introduction and Objective: In the poultry industry, the use of agricultural and industrial waste is one of the economic strategies for providing feed . corn gluten feed is an industrial waste that is produced through the wet corn milling process and due to its cheap price, good nutritional value and availability, can reduce feed production costs and provide part of the energy and protein required by poultry. Material and Methods: This experiment was performed with 320 on-d-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design with 2×4 factorial arrangement including four levels of corn gluten feed (0, 12, 24, 36%) and two levels of multi enzyme (0 and 0.07%) was performed. For each experimental treatment, four replications containing 10 birds were assigned. During the experiment, feed intake and body weight were measured periodically. At the end of the experiment, two birds were selected from each replicate and their carcass characteristics were examined after slaughter. Nutrient digestibility was also assessed by sampling feces at 21 days of age. At 21 and 42 days of age, two chicks were selected based on the average body weight of each replicate and blood was drawn from their wing vein. Results: The rations containing 36% level of corn gluten feed had more feed consumption in the growth period, as well as the lowest weight gain and the highest food conversion ratio in the initial periods, growth and the entire rearing period, compared to other levels of corn gluten feed consumption (p<0.05). The average weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved in treatments containing enzymes in the initial and growth periods. Birds containing enzyme levels without corn gluten feed had the highest weight gain and the lowest food conversion ratio in the entire rearing period compared to other treatments (p<0.05). Addition of enzyme to the diet containing 36% of corn gluten feed increased the relative weight of liver and bursa of Fabricius compared to diets without enzyme (p<0.05). Addition of enzyme also decreased fat in the ventricular cavity (p<0.05). The use of 36% level of corn gluten feed in the diet improved the digestibility of crude fat compared to zero and 12% levels of corn gluten feed in the diet. Addition of enzyme to the diet improved the digestibility of crude protein (p<0.05). At the age of 21 days, treatments containing a mixture of 12 or 24% corn gluten feed and enzyme in the diet caused a decrease in the concentration of triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein compared to the levels containing 12 and 24 percent corn gluten feed. Also, by adding enzyme to the diet, blood glucose concentration increased significantly. Conclusion: In general, the results showed that by supplementation multienzyme in, corn gluten feed up to 36% can be used in the diet of broilers without negative

corn is the most important component of concentrate feeds in livestock which due to climate change and reduced rainfall, its price is always increasing and therefore the use of affordable corn waste, it seems necessary. After corn processing and starch extraction, by-products including corn germ, fiber and gluten are produced which are rich sources for ruminant nutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, fermentability, digestibility, ME and MP for corn fiber and corn gluten feed. Samples of corn processing residues including germ, fiber and corn gluten feed were obtained from a company and the samples were transferred to the laboratory of Animal Science Research Institute of Iran and they were milled. Then the chemical composition, gas production and digestibility were measured. Gas production was measured using a mixture of rumen liquor from three fistulated  bulls (Taleshi cow) for different fermentation times, including 2,4,6,8,12,16,24,48, 72 and 96 hours of ruminal incubation. Also, ME, MP and DMI of corn processing residues were obtained. Amount of Organic Matter, Crude Protein, Crude Fat, NDF, ADF, NFC and starch in corn fiber were obtained 89.3, 14.0, 3.3, 10.7, 70.2, 14.7 and 3.5% respectively; in corn germ were obtained 98.4, 9.4, 52.1, 1.6, 27.3, 9.9 and 10.7% (in order) and in corn gluten feed were obtained 94.9, 20.6, 3.5, 5.1, 53.1, 17.6 and 8.5 %, respectively. The gas production (at 24 hours of fermentation) of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were measured 37.7 and 61.5 (ml/200mg), respectively. The ME content of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were calculated 6.2 and 11.6 (MJ/Kg), respectively. OMD of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were measured 67.1 and 80.2%, respectively. The MP content of corn fiber and corn gluten feed (at maintenance level) were calculated 13 and 15.5 (g/Kg) in order. Dry matter intake (DMI) of corn gluten feed on cow, sheep and goat (at maintenance level) were obtained 4226.3, 1102.4 and 932.5 (g/KgW0.75) respectively. Due to the suitability of fermentability and digestibility of gluten corn feed, it seems this wastes is useful for feeding livestock. corn gluten feed can be used as a substitute for the fibrous part of the ruminant diet. In general, the use of processed corn waste can reduce the cost of feed production in ruminants.

The new gluten-free pasta formulations based on the ratio of corn: rice: quinoa flours (20:60:20) enriched with the different percentages (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%) of β-glucan and xanthan (XG) were produced to reduce the gluten-related diseases and glycemic responses. These were then compared with each other and the control (wheat flour) in terms of texture, chemical composite, rheology, color, cooking quality, sensory analysis, prebiotic activity, glucose release, rapidly and slowly digested starch (RDS and SDS), and resistant starch (RS). The highest and lowest values of loss and storage moduli were for the control and sample 1 (2% β-glucan and 0.5% XG), respectively. The control and sample 1 were also comparable in terms of textural and sensorial characteristics. The L* (brightness) of cooked and raw sample 3 reached maximum level, and the highest values of b* and a* were associated with the cooked and raw control. The superior cooking quality was related to the sample 3 (1.5% β-glucan and 1% XG) while sample with 0.5% β-glucan and 2% XG had the minimum value. Regarding functional properties, the sample 3 was the superior sample in terms of prebiotic activity, glucose release, RSD, and RS while the control showed the maximum glucose release in all digestion intervals.

The honey bee obtains its all nutritional demands from nectar and pollen. In the case of nectar and pollen limitation, beekeepers use a substitute. It has been a long time that sucrose is used as the conventional substitute for nectar and pollen in the bee feeding to provide its nutritional needs during winter and stimulation of spring's larval nourishment. High fructose corn syrup is another potential substitute that is used recently in bee feeding. Therefore, in this review, the effects of honey bee feeding with fructose syrup have been investigated. Life span and hive population are among the important factors that have to be considered in the case of feeding honey bee with various sources. According to the results of previous studies, high fructose corn syrup (containing 55 % fructose based on the dry matter) is a potential carbohydrate source for the honey bee compared to sucrose. In this review, the results of these studies have been investigated. The Scopus database was used for search purposes and three seraching algorythms (until 2020) was carried out as follows: (TITLE (honey AND bee) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (hfcs)) and (TITLE (honey AND bee) AND TITLE (sucrose)) and (TITLE (honey AND bee) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (fructose)).

This study was carried out to investigate the replacement of corn gluten meal in fish diets and the effects of it on blood biochemical and hematological parameters of common carp juvenile. Juvenile's carp with an average of 11.5±0.5g and 9±1cm weights and length respectively, were fed with experimental diets for 8 weeks. Diets with 31% crude protein and 3100 kcal kg-1 raw energy and alternative levels of 150, 270 and 490 (gr kg-1) and a control diet without corn gluten were made. At the end of the experiment, blood biochemical parameters including glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and also hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells (WBC) and red blood cells (RBC) in juveniles fed the experimental diets showed a significant difference (P<0.05) compared to the control group. However, juveniles fed with diets 1 to 4 did not have any significant difference in the amount of total protein and MCV, MCH and MCH (P>0.05). Furthermore, with replacing the amounts of corn gluten in experimental diets, it was concluded that growth and nutritional factors in treatments compared with the control group decreased significantly (P<0.05). The results show that plant protein source of corn gluten meal is not a good alternative for fish meal and must be replaced in a level less than the one used in this research.

Background and Objectives: Patients with celiac disease should avoid consuming products that contain gluten.Therefore, planning to produce gluten-free products, especially bread, as well as improving their quality is important. In this study, the effect of quinoa flour as a rich source of fiber, minerals and Lysine on the quality characteristics of gluten-free bread based on rice flour was studied.Materials and Methods: In this study the effects of three different treatments including quinoa flour (0 to 30%), corn flour (0 to 30%) and xanthan gum (0 to 1.5%) on the quality characteristics (color, texture, specific volume) and chemical content (moisture, ash, fat, crumb swelling) of gluten-free bread were investigated. The findings were modeled and analyzed with central composite design.Results: The results showed the quadratic model fitted to response was significant (p£ 0.05), and lack of fit for these models was non-significant (p>0.05). Therefore, the model was approved for fitting information. Bread enrichment with quinoa flour caused improvements in the specific volume, moisture, ash, texture and color of the samples.Conclusions: The results showed that quinoa flour usable for improving the quality of gluten-free bread. The formulation was optimized at 19.39% quinoa flour, 9.39% corn flour and 1.5% xanthan gum.